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Gaseous Exchange Introduction Respiration, or gaseous exchange, is one of the most essential life processes that help animals live. It is the process whereby an organism gives out oxygen and takes in carbon dioxide within its environment. This crucial process ensures that cells get the oxygen they need to produce energy through cellular respiration while

Immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Treatment Introduction Breast cancer remains the most common type of cancer among females worldwide, and new cases are reported frequently. It has attracted many treatment approaches, and its diverse manifestation has contributed to many approaches to treatment; immunotherapy is among the recent innovations. Immunotherapy signifies the use of the immune system

Hormone Therapy in Breast Cancer Treatment Introduction Breast cancer is a type of carcinoma, which is cancer that begins in the cells of the breast. This is one cancer that has been known to affect many women all over the world. Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) is the most common form of breast cancer and accounts for

Breast Cancer Surgery Introduction Cancer of the breast is a deadly disease that has a bearing on women of all ages across the globe. Breast cancer affects millions of women each year, and it has ranked second in cancer death rates among women worldwide. Luckily, progress has been made in technology and surgery, which has